Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides in a northeastern state ofIndia, Manipur
Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi , Shihua Qi , Paromita Chakraborty , Gan Zhang , Ishwar Chandra Yadav
DOI:
Received May 14, 2010,Revised October 12, 2010, Accepted , Available online
Volume 23,2011,Pages 808-815
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Thirty-six polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed over a year during January to December, 2009
at three locations, i.e., Imphal (urban site), Thoubal (rural site) and Waithou (alpine site) of Manipur, to assess the seasonal local
atmospheric emission of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The average concentration of HCHs monitored at mountain site
during hot season (Mar, Apr, and May) and rainy seasons (Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep) were 403 and 349 pg/m3, respectively. DDTs had a
high concentration with 384 pg/m3 at rural site and 379 pg/m3 at urban site during hot seasons. Endosulfans and chlordane were found
high in concentration during hot seasons (260 pg/m3) and low during retreating monsoon seasons (44 pg/m3) at rural site. Most of the
OCPs concentrations were high during cultivation period. The OCP concentrations of rainy season were highly correlated (p < 0.01)
with OCPs of hot seasons. Further, positive correlation (p < 0.05) was also obtained between cold seasons and retreating monsoon.
Principal component analysis showed a significant correlation among the four seasons and distribution pattern of OCPs in air. Back
trajectory analysis by using HYPSLIT model showed a long range air transport of OCPs to the present study area. Present OCP levels
at Manipur is an outcome of both local emission and also movement of air mass by long range atmospheric transport.
