Using immune cell-based bioactivity assays to compare the inflammatory activities of oil sands process-affected waters from a pilot scale demonstration pit lake
James L. Stafford , Dustin M.E. Lillico , Nora A.S. Hussain , Yemaya Y. Choo-Yin , Rui Qin , Zuo Tong How , Mohamed Gamal El-Din
DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.018
Received May 10, 2022,Revised , Accepted July 11, 2022, Available online July 23, 2022
Volume 35,2023,Pages 55-70
In this study, we provide evidence that oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) contain factors that activate the antimicrobial and proinflammatory responses of immune cells. Specifically, using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, we establish the bioactivity of two different OSPW samples and their isolated fractions. Here, we directly compared the bioactivity of two pilot scale demonstration pit lake (DPL) water samples, which included expressed water from treated tailings (termed the before water capping sample; BWC) as well as an after water capping (AWC) sample consisting of a mixture of expressed water, precipitation, upland runoff, coagulated OSPW and added freshwater. Significant inflammatory (i.e. macrophage activating) bioactivity was associated with the AWC sample and its organic fraction (OF), whereas the BWC sample had reduced bioactivity that was primarily associated with its inorganic fraction (IF). Overall, these results indicate that at non-toxic exposure doses, the RAW 264.7 cell line serves as an acute, sensitive and reliable biosensor for the screening of inflammatory constituents within and among discrete OSPW samples.
